Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), commonly known as bloat, is a life-threatening emergency in dogs that requires immediate veterinary care. At Clarksville Veterinary Emergency & Specialty (CVES) in Clarksville, Tennessee, our emergency team frequently treats dogs with GDV and understands how critical rapid intervention can be for a positive outcome.

GDV occurs when a dog’s stomach fills with gas, fluid, or food and then twists on itself. This rotation traps stomach contents, disrupts blood flow to the stomach and surrounding organs, and interferes with circulation throughout the body. Without prompt treatment, GDV can be fatal within hours.

Which Dogs Are Most at Risk for GDV?

Bloat most commonly affects large, deep-chested dogs, though it can occur in dogs of any size and breed. Breeds considered at higher risk include Great Danes, German Shepherds, Standard Poodles, Weimaraners, Saint Bernards, Doberman Pinschers, Irish Setters, and similar body types. Older dogs are more frequently affected, but GDV can develop at any age.

Signs and Symptoms of Bloat in Dogs

Dogs with GDV often show sudden, severe symptoms. Contact an emergency veterinarian immediately if you notice:

• Non-productive retching or repeated attempts to vomit

• Restlessness or inability to get comfortable

• Abdominal pain or a tight, enlarged abdomen (may be difficult to see in some dogs)

• Excessive drooling or foaming at the mouth

• Rapid or labored breathing

• Increased heart rate

• Weakness, collapse, or inability to stand in advanced cases

Because GDV progresses rapidly, any suspicion of bloat should be treated as an emergency.

What Causes Bloat in Dogs?

The exact cause of GDV is unknown, and it is believed to result from multiple contributing factors. While deep-chested conformation is a known risk, some dogs develop bloat without an obvious trigger. Situations thought to increase risk include eating or drinking large amounts quickly, exercising soon after meals, or swallowing excess air while eating.

Factors Suspected to Increase the Risk of GDV

• Large, deep-chested body type

• Feeding one large meal per day

• Eating rapidly

• Feeding primarily dry food

• Exercising immediately before or after meals

• Increased age (commonly 7–12 years)

• Male dogs

Factors That May Reduce the Risk of GDV

• Feeding two or more smaller meals per day

• Avoiding vigorous activity for several hours before and after meals

• Feeding on the floor rather than from elevated bowls

• Incorporating canned or moistened food as part of the diet

Why Is GDV a Medical Emergency?

GDV causes a cascade of life-threatening changes in the body. As the stomach expands, it compresses major blood vessels, reducing blood flow back to the heart and leading to shock. Pressure on the diaphragm makes breathing difficult, while twisting of the stomach cuts off blood supply to the stomach tissue. The spleen may also become trapped or damaged, increasing the risk of internal bleeding.

Without immediate treatment, dogs with GDV can develop severe shock, abnormal heart rhythms, sepsis, and organ failure. Early recognition and rapid emergency care are essential for survival.

How Is GDV Diagnosed and Treated?

Diagnosis is typically made with abdominal X-rays, which allow veterinarians to evaluate stomach size and position. Treatment begins immediately with stabilization, including intravenous fluids, pain management, and supportive care.

Emergency surgery is required to correct GDV. During surgery, the stomach is returned to its normal position and is typically secured to the body wall in a procedure called a gastropexy, which helps prevent recurrence. If the spleen or other organs have been compromised, additional procedures may be necessary.

Most dogs treated for GDV require several days of hospitalization for intensive monitoring and recovery. Even with prompt treatment, complications can occur, making early intervention critical.

Emergency Care for Bloat in Clarksville, TN

If your dog is showing signs of bloat, do not wait. Seek emergency veterinary care immediately. Call Clarksville Veterinary Emergency & Specialty (CVES) at 931-551-2121 to let our team know you are on the way so we can prepare for your arrival.

When it comes to GDV, time is critical, and fast action can save your dog’s life.